The Digestive Process Examined: A Professional MCQs Assessment of Enzymes and Hormones involved in digestion for all Types of exams and tests
The digestive process is a complex and crucial aspect of human biology that plays a key role in maintaining our health and wellness. Whether you are a medical professional preparing for exams such as MBBS, MBDS, BSN, Paramedics, BS Biochemistry, BS Nutrition, or simply someone with a keen interest in the Biochemistry of Digestion, understanding the enzymes and hormones involved in digestion is essential. This article presents a comprehensive 195 MCQ assessment of these important concepts, covering the most crucial elements of chemical digestion in a clear and concise format. Designed to help you achieve a high score on exams and tests, these MCQs are an essential resource for anyone looking to deepen their understanding of the digestive process.
 |
| Biochemistry MCQs on Chemical Digestion of food from MCQ Library of H.E.S (Health, Education, and Skills) |
MCQs on Saliva
1. From which glands is saliva mainly secreted?A) One pair of glands
B) Two pairs of glands
C) Three pairs of glands
D) Four pairs of glands
2. What is the characteristic of saliva secreted from the Parotid Gland?
A) Rich in mucoproteins
B) Rich in amylase
C) Watery and rich in amylase
D) Watery and rich in mucoproteins
3. What is the characteristic of saliva secreted from the Submaxillary or Sub-mandibular Gland?
A) Rich in amylase
B) Rich in mucoproteins
C) Watery and rich in amylase
D) Watery and rich in mucoproteins.
4. What is the typical range of saliva secretion for an adult per day?
A) 0.5 to 1.5 liters
B) 0.1 to 0.25 liters
C) 1 to 2 liters
D) 0.2 to 0.5 liters
5. How much saliva does an adult typically secrete per hour?
A) 0.5 to 1.5 liters
B) 0.1 to 0.25 liters
C) 1 to 2 liters
D) 0.2 to 0.5 liters
6. What is the typical pH of freshly secreted saliva?
A) 6.4-6.9
B) 7.4-7.9
C) 8.4-8.9
D) 9.4-9.9
7. What are the factors that can affect the pH of saliva?
A) diet
B) oral hygiene
C) both diet and oral hygiene
D) neither diet nor oral hygiene
8. What is the cause of the slightly acidic pH of freshly secreted saliva?
A) the presence of lactic acid
B) the presence of other compounds produced by bacteria in the mouth
C) both the presence of lactic acid and other compounds produced by bacteria in the mouth
D) neither the presence of lactic acid nor other compounds produced by bacteria in the mouth
9. Which of the following is an inorganic constituent of saliva?
A) Na+
B) K+
C) Ca++
D) All of the above (correct)
10. Which inorganic constituent of saliva occurs mainly in smokers' secretion?
A) Na+
B) K+
C) Ca++
D) Thiocyanate
11. Which of the following is an organic constituent of saliva?
A) Amylase (Ptyalin)
B) Na+
C) K+
D) Ca++
12. What is the function of Amylase (Ptyalin) in saliva?
A) It helps to digest carbohydrates.
B) It helps to digest proteins
C) It helps to digest fats
D) It helps to digest vitamins
13. Which of the following is found in small amounts in saliva?
A) Lactic Acid
B) Glucose
C) Choline
D) All of the above
14. What is the function of Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in saliva?
A) It acts as an antimicrobial agent and helps to protect against bacterial and viral infections.
B) It helps to digest carbohydrates
C) It helps to digest proteins
D) It helps to digest fats
15. What nervous system stimulates the production of saliva?
A) Sympathetic nervous system
B) Parasympathetic nervous system
16. What neurotransmitter is responsible for stimulating the production of saliva by activating the submandibular and sublingual glands?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Dopamine
C) Serotonin
D) Norepinephrine
17. What are the main functions of saliva in the mouth?
A) Swallowing, digestion, and moistness
B) Taste, smell, and speech
C) Breathing and speaking
D) Breathing and swallowing
18. What neurotransmitter is responsible for decreasing the production of saliva by constricting the blood vessels in the salivary glands?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Dopamine
C) Serotonin
D) Norepinephrine
19. What is the body's physiological response that is associated with the decrease in saliva production by the sympathetic nervous system?
A) "Fight or flight" response
B) "Rest and digest" response
C) "Taste and smell" response
D) "Swallowing and digestion" response
20. What is the main component in saliva that helps with lubrication?
A) Mucin
B) Enzymes
C) Antibodies
D) Hormones
21. Which parts of the digestive system does saliva lubricate?
A) Bolus only
B) Pharynx only
C) Both bolus and pharynx
D) None of the above
22. What role do lysozymes play in protecting teeth from dental caries?
A) They promote bacterial growth in the oral cavity
B) They have no effect on dental caries
C) They inhibit bacterial growth in the oral cavity
D) They cause tooth decay
23. What are some of the large molecules of carbohydrates that Salivary Alpha-Amylase breaks down?
A) Starch
B) Glycogen cl
C) Dextrin
D) All of the above
24. What is the main product formed by Salivary Alpha-Amylase when breaking down carbohydrates?
A) Glucose
B) Maltose
C) Sucrose
D) Fructose
25. What are some of the substances that can be excreted in saliva?
A) Metals
B) Drugs
C) Alkaloids
D) All of the above
26. What is an example of a metal that can be excreted in saliva?
A) Lead
B) Iron
C) Calcium
D) Copper
27. What is an example of a drug that can be excreted in saliva?
A) Morphine
B) Aspirin
C) Ibuprofen
D) Acetaminophen
28. Which of the following is a symptom of dehydration?
A) dryness of the oral cavity and pharynx
B) increased appetite
C) runny nose
D) all of the above
29. How does dehydration affect salivary secretion?
A) increases secretion
B) decreases secretion
C) has no effect
D) neutralizes secretion
MCQs on Gastric Juice
30. What is gastric juice?A. A mixture of water and enzymes
B. A mixture of water, electrolytes, hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucus
C. A mixture of water, electrolytes, and mucus
D. A mixture of water, hydrochloric acid, and enzymes
31. What cells secrete Pepsinogen in the stomach?
A. Mucus cells
B. Parietal cells
C. Chief cells
D. Intrinsic Factor cells
32. Which cells secrete Hydrochloric Acid and Intrinsic Factor in the stomach?
A. Mucus cells
B. Parietal cells
C. Chief cells
D. Pepsinogen cells
33. What is secreted by Mucus cells in the stomach?
A. Pepsinogen
B. Hydrochloric Acid
C. Mucin
D. Intrinsic Factor
34. What is the pH range of Gastric Juice?
A. 1.3 to 2.6
B. 2.6 to 3.0
C. 3.0 to 4.0
D. 4.0 to 5.0
35. What are the inorganic constituents of Gastric Juice?
A. Mucin, Pepsin, and Gastric Lipase
B. HCl, Na+, K+, and Phosphate
C. Mucin and Intrinsic Factor
D. Hydrochloric Acid and Enzymes
36. What are the organic constituents of Gastric Juice?
A. Na+, K+, and Phosphate
B. Mucin, Pepsin, Gastric Lipase, and Intrinsic Factor
C. Hydrochloric Acid and Enzymes
D. Pepsinogen and Mucin
37. Is gastric juice highly acidic or alkaline in nature?
A. Alkaline
B. Neutral
C. Moderately acidic
D. Highly acidic
38. How much gastric juice is secreted per day by the stomach?
A. 1 to 2 Litres
B. 2 to 3 Litres
C. 3 to 4 Litres
D. 4 to 5 Litres
39. Does gastric juice contain intrinsic factor?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Sometimes
D. Rarely
MCQs on Properties and Functions of Gastric Juice constituents (Pepsin, HCl, Mucin, Gastric Lipase, and Intrinsic Factor)
40. What is the primary function of Pepsin?A. Breaking down carbohydrates
B. Breaking down lipids
C. Breaking down proteins
D. Breaking down nucleic acids
41. Where is Pepsin produced in the body?
A. Small intestine
B. Stomach
C. Liver
D. Pancreas
42. What activates Pepsin?
A. Bile
B. Hydrochloric acid
C. Trypsin
D. Chymotrypsin
43. What is the inactive form of Pepsin called?
A. Pepsinogen
B. Pepsinase
C. Pepsinhydro
D. Pepsinate
44. Where is Pepsinogen secreted in the body?
A. Small intestine
B. Stomach
C. Liver
D. Pancreas
45. How is Pepsinogen converted to Pepsin?
A. By the action of bile
B. By the action of hydrochloric acid
C. By the action of trypsin
D. By the action of chymotrypsin
46. What is the pH range in which Pepsin works best?
A. 0-1
B. 1-2
C. 2-3
D. 3-4
47. At what pH does Pepsin begin to denature and lose activity?
A. 0-1
B. 1-2
C. 2-3
D. Greater than 4
48. What type of enzyme is Pepsin?
A. Amylase
B. Protease
C. Lipase
D. Nucleases
49. What are the products of Pepsin's breakdown of proteins?
A. Simple sugars
B. Simple lipids
C. Smaller peptides
D. Nucleotides
50. Does Pepsin have antimicrobial properties?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Sometimes
D. Rarely
51. Does Pepsin aid in the absorption of some vitamins and minerals?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Sometimes
D. Rarely
52. What is the pH of Hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
A. 1-2
B. 7-8
C. 9-10
D. 12-13
53. What is the main function of Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach?
A. Breaking down food
B. Killing harmful bacteria
C. Activation of enzyme Pepsin
D. All of the above
54. What role does Hydrochloric acid (HCl) play in activating the enzyme pepsin?
A. It neutralizes the enzyme
B. It inactivates the enzyme
C. It activates the enzyme
D. None of the above
55. What role does Hydrochloric acid (HCl) play in the digestion of fats?
A. It aids in the digestion
B. It neutralizes the fats
C. It prevents the digestion of fats
D. None of the above
56. How does Hydrochloric acid (HCl) aid in the breakdown of certain minerals and vitamins?
A. By neutralizing the minerals and vitamins
B. By preventing the breakdown of minerals and vitamins
C. By breaking down the protein bound to the minerals and vitamins
D. None of the above
57. What does the acidity of Hydrochloric acid (HCl) make more accessible for absorption?
A. Fats
B. Harmful bacteria
C. Vitamins and minerals bound to protein in food
D. None of the above
58. What is Mucin?
A. A type of enzyme
B. A type of glycoprotein
C. A type of hormone
D. A type of mineral
59. What is the main function of Mucin in the stomach?
A. To form a protective barrier
B. To aid in the digestion of food
C. To neutralize stomach acid
D. All of the above
60. What is the composition of Mucin?
A. A protein core and a carbohydrate coating
B. A mineral core and a protein coating
C. A carbohydrate core and a protein coating
D. A mineral core and a carbohydrate coating
61. What is the role of the carbohydrate coating in Mucin?
A. To attract and hold water
B. To neutralize stomach acid
C. To inhibit the growth of bacteria
D. To aid in the digestion of food
62. What does the hydrophilic nature of Mucin's carbohydrate coating help from?
A. A thick and viscous gel-like substance
B. A thin and liquid-like substance
C. A solid substance
D. None of the above
63. What is the role of the mucous layer formed by Mucin?
A. To protect the stomach lining
B. To aid in the digestion of food
C. To neutralize the acidity of chyme
D. All of the above
64. Does Mucin protect the stomach lining from the corrosive effects of stomach acid and enzymes?
A. Yes
B. No
65. What is the role of Mucin in neutralizing the acidity of chyme?
A. To make it more acidic
B. To make it less acidic
C. To keep it neutral
D. None of the above
66. Can Mucin bind to and inhibit the growth of certain types of bacteria?
A. Yes
B. No
67. What is gastric lipase?
A. An enzyme produced by the small intestine
B. An enzyme produced by the chief cells in the stomach
C. An enzyme produced by the liver
D. An enzyme produced by the pancreas
68. What is the main function of gastric lipase?
A. To break down carbohydrates
B. To break down proteins
C. To break down fats
D. To break down fibers
69. What are the smaller molecules produced by the action of gastric lipase on triglycerides?
A. Glucose and fructose
B. Fatty acids and glucose
C. Fatty acids and glycerol
D. Proteins and fatty acids
70. What stimulates the secretion of gastric lipase?
A. The presence of carbohydrates in the stomach
B. The presence of fibers in the stomach
C. The presence of food in the stomach
D. The presence of fats in the stomach
71. Is gastric lipase more active than pancreatic lipase?
A. Yes
B. No
72. What makes pancreatic lipase more efficient in breaking down triglycerides than gastric lipase?
A. Its higher activity
B. Its lower sensitivity to acid
C. Its higher specificity
D. Its lower sensitivity to inhibitors
73. What is the role of gastric lipase in fat digestion compared to pancreatic lipase?
A. More important
B. Less important
74. Can gastric lipase be absorbed by the small intestine?
A. Yes
B. No
75. What destroys gastric lipase?
A. Pepsin
B. Trypsin
C. Lipase
D. Chymotrypsin
76. What is the primary factor causing the secretion of gastric juice?
A. Food entering the stomach
B. The release of gastrin
C. Vagal stimulation
D. The sight, smell, and taste of food
77. What is the main hormone responsible for gastric juice secretion?
A. Secretin
B. Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)
C. Chole-cytokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-Pz) D. Gastrin
78. What stimuli trigger the neural or cephalic phase of gastric juice secretion?
A. Food entering the stomach
B. The sight, smell, and taste of food
C. Gastrin release
D. Acidic chyme
79. What is the Neural or Cephalic phase of gastric juice secretion?
A. Starts when food enters the stomach and stimulates the secretion of gastric juice
B. Occurs when chyme from the stomach enters the first part of the duodenum
C. Neural sensory stimulation causes an increase in gastric secretions
D. Stimulated by gastrin released from the pyloric antrum
80. What can cause the secretion of gastric juice during the Neural or Cephalic phase?
A. Food entering the stomach
B. Chyme from the stomach entering the duodenum
C. The sight, smell, and taste of food
D. Secretin, GIP, and CCK-Pz hormones
81. What is the Vaso-Vagal reflex associated with the Neural or Cephalic phase of gastric juice secretion?
A. Initiates the intestinal phase of digestion
B. Causes secretion of gastric juice
C. A sudden drop in HCl occurs
D. Stimulates the gall bladder to contract and release stored enzymes
82. What are the components of the gastric juice secreted during the Neural or Cephalic phase?
A. Pepsin and HCl
B. Bicarbonate
C. HCl, Pepsin, and Mucin
D. Secretin, GIP, and CCK-Pz hormones
83. What is the Gastric phase of gastric juice secretion?
A. Neural sensory stimulation causes an increase in gastric secretions
B. Starts when food enters the stomach and stimulates the secretion of gastric juice
C. Occurs when chyme from the stomach enters the first part of the duodenum
D. Stimulated by vagal stimulation
84. What can cause the release of gastrin during the Gastric phase of gastric juice secretion?
A. Food entering the stomach
B. The sight, smell, and taste of food
C. Water-soluble products of protein digestion
D. Secretin, GIP, and CCK-Pz hormones
85. Which cells in the gastric glands are stimulated by Gastrin?
A. Entero-chromaffin Cells
B. G-Cells
C. Parietal and Chief Cells
D. Pancreatic Cells
86. What is the Intestinal phase of gastric juice secretion?
A. Neural sensory stimulation causes an increase in gastric secretions
B. Occurs when chyme from the stomach enters the first part of the duodenum
C. Starts when food enters the stomach and stimulates the secretion of gastric juice
D. Stimulated by vagal stimulation
87. What causes the secretion of three gastrointestinal hormones Secretin, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP), and Cholecytokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-Pz)?
A. Vaso-Vagal Reflex
B. Neural sensory stimulation
C. Digested lipids, proteins, and low pH of chyme
D. Pancreatic Juice secretion
88. What is the function of Secretin?
A. Stimulates the gall bladder to contract
B. Inhibits HCl secretion by the stomach
C. Causes Pancreas to secrete Pancreatic Juice rich in bicarbonate
D. Both B and C
89. What is the predominant hormone controlling the intestinal phase of digestion?
A. Gastrin
B. Secretin
C. Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)
D. Cholecytokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-Pz)
90. What is the function of Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)?
A. Causes Pancreas to secrete Pancreatic Juice rich in bicarbonate
B. Stimulates the gall bladder to contract
C. Inhibits HCl secretion by the stomach
D. Stimulates the secretion of Pepsin and HCl
91. What is the other function of Cholecytokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-Pz)?
A. Stimulates the secretion of Pepsin and HCl
B. Inhibits HCl secretion by the stomach
C. Stimulates the gall bladder to contract and release hepatic and pancreatic enzymes
D. Causes Pancreas to secrete Pancreatic Juice rich in bicarbonate
92. How much of gastric secretion does the intestinal phase represent?
A. 10%
B. 20%
C. 30%
D. 40%
MCQs on Pancreatic Juice Constituents (Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase, Elastase, Collagenase, Pancreatic Lipase, Pancreatic Amylase, Deoxyribonuclease, Ribonuclease, Phospholipase A2, and Cholesterol Ester Hydrolase)
93. What is the main Inorganic Constituent of Pancreatic Juice?A. Trypsin
B. Na+ and K+ ions
C. Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
D. Phosphate
94. What is the role of Trypsin in the digestion of proteins?
A. Inhibits the digestion of proteins
B. Activates Chymotrypsinogen
C. Hydrolyzes the central peptide linkage of protein
D. Increases the levels of protein in the body
95. How is Trypsin activated in the body?
A. By the action of Trypsinogen
B. By the action of the Enterokinase enzyme
C. By Trypsin itself (Autocatalysis)
D. By the action of Chymotrypsinogen
96. What is the form of Trypsin as secreted in the body?
A. Semi-active form
B. Active form
C. Zymogen form called Trypsinogen
D. No form
97. What is the role of Trypsin in blood coagulation?
A. Inhibits blood coagulation
B. Activates serine protease factor Xa
C. Increases the levels of coagulation in the blood
D. Decreases the levels of coagulation in the blood
98. What are the anti-inflammatory properties of Trypsin?
A. Increases inflammation
B. No anti-inflammatory properties
C. Stimulates inflammation
D. Has anti-inflammatory properties
99. What is the role of Trypsin in the activation of Chymotrypsinogen?
A. Inhibits the activation
B. Decreases the activation
C. No role in the activation
D. Activates the activation
100. What is Chymotrypsin?
A. An Exopeptidase
B. A Zymogen
C. A Hydrophobic amino acid
D. A Peptide hormone
101. What is the function of Trypsin in Chymotrypsin?
A. Cleaves peptide bonds
B. Breaks down large polypeptides
C. Converts Chymotrypsinogen to Chymotrypsin
D. Cleaves off specific amino acids from peptide hormone precursors
102. Which amino acids are specifically cleaved by Chymotrypsin?
A. Hydrophilic amino acids
B. Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Tryptophan
C. Small peptides
D. Undigested Polar Amino acids
103. What is the role of Carboxypeptidase in protein digestion?
A. Cleaves the terminal peptide linkage of protein at the amino end
B. Converts Zymogen to the active form
C. Cleaves off specific amino acids from peptide hormone precursors
D. Cleaves the terminal peptide linkage of protein at the carboxyl end
104. What does Carboxypeptidase help to prevent?
A. The potential development of allergies
B. The absorption of undigested proteins
C. The regulation of insulin and other hormones
D. None
105. What is the role of Carboxypeptidase in the regulation of hormones?
A. Cleaves off specific amino acids from peptide hormone precursors
B. Cleaves the glycosidic linkage
C. Converts Zymogen to the inactive form
D. Both A and B
106. What type of enzyme is Carboxypeptidase?
A. Endopeptidase
B. Hydrophobic amino acid
C. Exopeptidase
D. Zymogen
107. What is Elastase?
A. A protein that gives elasticity to Nervous tissue
B. A proteolytic enzyme that breaks down collagen
C. A proteolytic enzyme that breaks down elastin
D. A protein that is resistant to degradation by most proteases
108. What is the function of Elastase?
A. To maintain lung and skin elasticity
B. To break down collagen fibers
C. To treat conditions such as cystic fibrosis
D. Both A and C
109. What is Collagenase?
A. A proteolytic enzyme that breaks down collagen
B. A protein that gives elasticity to connective tissue
C. A proteolytic enzyme that breaks down elastin
D. A protein that is resistant to degradation by most proteases
110. What is the function of Collagenase?
A. To maintain lung and skin elasticity
B. To break down Mucle fibers
C. To treat conditions such as cystic fibrosis
D. None
111. What is the role of Collagenase in tissue remodeling and repair?
A. It helps break down damaged collagen fibers
B. It prevents the destruction of healthy tissue
C. It helps maintain lung and skin elasticity
D. It treats conditions such as cystic fibrosis
112. What type of protein is collagen?
A. A protein that is resistant to degradation by most proteases
B. A protein that gives elasticity to connective tissue
C. A tough and fibrous protein
D. Both A and C
113. What conditions can be seen due to an overproduction or abnormal activation of collagenase?
A. Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontal disease
B. Lung and skin elasticity
C. Tissue remodeling and repair
D. Conditions such as cystic fibrosis
114. What is the main function (s) of Pancreatic Lipase?
A. Breaking down carbohydrates
B. Breaking down triglycerides
C. Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
D. Both B and C
115. In which part of the body does Pancreatic Lipase interact with dietary fats?
A. Stomach
B. Large intestine
C. Small intestine
D. Liver
116. DWhat is the main function of Pancreatic Amylase?
A. Breaking down carbohydrates
B. Breaking down proteins
C. Absorption of water-soluble vitamins
D. Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
117. What are DNases?
A. Enzymes that cleave DNA
B. Building blocks of DNA
C. Hormones produced by the pancreas
D. Proteins involved in metabolic
118. Where are DNases produced in the human body?
A. Small intestine
B. Liver
C. Pancreas
D. Stomach
119. What is the function of DNases in the human digestive system?
A. Absorption of proteins
B. Absorption of fats
C. Absorption of nucleotides
D. Absorption of carbohydrates
120. How do DNases break down DNA in the small intestine?
A. By cleaving the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides
B. By cleaving the peptide bonds between the nucleotides
C. By cleaving the glycosidic bonds between the nucleotides
D. By cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides
121. What happens to the individual nucleotides after DNases cleave the phosphodiester bonds in the small intestine?
A. They are secreted by the pancreas
B. They are excreted by the kidneys
C. They are absorbed by the small intestine
D. They are used for cell division
122. Where are RNases produced in the human body?
A. Small intestine
B. Liver
C. Pancreas
D. Stomach
123. How do RNases play a role in RNA metabolism and protein synthesis?
A. By promoting the formation of RNA molecules
B. By promoting the formation of protein molecules
C. By cleaving RNA molecules to regulate their function
D. By cleaving protein molecules to regulate their function
124. What is the function of RNases in defense against viral and bacterial invasion?
A. By promoting the growth of viruses and bacteria
B. By inhibiting the growth of viruses and bacteria
C. By neutralizing the toxins produced by viruses and bacteria
D. By cleaving RNA molecules in viruses and bacteria to neutralize their function
125. What is Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)?
A. An enzyme that cleaves phospholipids
B. A hormone produced by the pancreas
C. A type of nucleophile
D. A type of reaction inhibitor
126. What does PLA2 catalyze in the human digestive system?
A. The hydrolysis of the sn-1 ester bond in phospholipids
B. The hydrolysis of the sn-2 ester bond in phospholipids
C. The formation of the sn-2 ester bond in phospholipids
D. The formation of the sn-1 ester bond in phospholipids
127. What is the sn-2 ester bond in phospholipids?
A. A bond between two fatty acids
B. A bond between a fatty acid and a lysophosphatidylcholine
C. A bond between a fatty acid and a glycerol molecule
D. A bond between a nucleophile and a carbon atom
128. What are the products of PLA2 cleavage of the sn-2 ester bond in phospholipids in the small intestine?
A. Fatty acids and glycerol
B. Fatty acids and lysophosphatidylcholine
C. Lysophosphatidylcholine and glycerol
D. Nucleotides and lysophosphatidylcholine
129. What happens to the fatty acids and lysophosphatidylcholine released by PLA2 in the small intestine?
A. They are excreted by the kidneys
B. They are secreted by the pancreas
C. They are absorbed by the small intestine
D. They are used for cell division
130. What is Cholesterol Ester Hydrolase (CEH)?
A. An enzyme that breaks down Cholesterol
B. An enzyme that synthesizes Cholesterol
C. An enzyme that breaks down Fatty Acids
D. An enzyme that synthesizes Fatty Acids
131. Where is CEH produced in the human body?
A. Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Enterocytes
D. Immune cells
132. What is the result of CEH hydrolysis of cholesterol esters?
A. Release of free Cholesterol and Fatty Acids
B. Release of free Fatty Acids only
C. Release of free Cholesterol only
D. All of these
133. What can be the result of CEH deficiency in the liver?
A. Increased Cholesterol metabolism
B. Decreased Cholesterol metabolism
C. Dysfunction in the gut
D. Dysfunction in the liver
A. It stimulates the release of enzymes by binding to muscarinic receptors.
B. It inhibits secretion by binding to Neurokinin-1 receptors.
C. It stimulates the release of bicarbonate by binding to Neurokinin-1 receptors.
D. It inhibits secretion through sympathetic stimulation
135. What is the effect of Acetylcholine on the secretion of pancreatic juice?
A. Stimulation of secretion
B. Inhibition of secretion
C. Stimulation of bicarbonate release
D. Inhibition of enzyme release
136. What is the role of Substance P in the secretion of pancreatic juice?
A. Stimulation of secretion
B. Inhibition of secretion
C. Stimulation of bicarbonate release
D. Inhibition of enzyme release
137. What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the secretion of pancreatic juice?
A. Stimulation of secretion
B. Inhibition of secretion
C. Stimulation of bicarbonate release
D. Inhibition of enzyme release
138. How does Vagotomy affect the secretion of pancreatic juice?
A. Stimulation of secretion
B. Inhibition of secretion
C. Stimulation of bicarbonate release
D. Inhibition of enzyme release
139. What happens to the intracellular calcium ions in the Acinar cells of the pancreas upon the release of Acetylcholine?
A. They increase
B. They decrease
C. They remain unchanged
D. They increase and then decrease
140. What happens to the intracellular cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) in the duct cells of the pancreas upon the release of Substance P?
A. They increase
B. They decrease
C. They remain unchanged
D. They increase and then decrease
141. What is Secretin?
A. A gastrointestinal hormone
B. A digestive enzyme
C. A neurotransmitter
D. An immune system hormone
142. Where is Secretin produced?
A. The stomach
B. The small intestine
C. The large intestine
D. The duodenum
143. What is the effect of Secretin on the lower part of the esophageal sphincter?
A. It relaxes the sphincter
B. It contracts the sphincter
C. It has no effect
D. It increases the activity of the sphincter
144. What is the effect of Secretin on the secretion of duodenal glands?
A. It increases secretion
B. It decreases secretion
C. It has no effect
D. It depends
145. Where is Cholecystokinin-Pancreozymin (CCK-Pz) secreted from?
A. The stomach
B. The small intestine and duodenum
C. The large intestine
D. The pancreas
146. What triggers the release of CCK-Pz?
A. Fats and carbohydrates
B. Proteins and fatty acids
C. Sugars
D. None of the above
147. What type of pancreatic juice is secreted in response to CCK-Pz?
A. Alkaline but deficient in enzymes
B. Rich in enzymes
C. Watery but deficient in enzymes
D. None of the above
148. What is the effect of CCK-Pz on the Gall Bladder?
A. Relaxation
B. Contraction
C. No effect
D. Increase in size
149. What is CCK-Pz?
A. A hormone that regulates the secretion of bicarbonate
B. A hormone that regulates the secretion of digestive enzymes
C. A hormone that regulates the release of gastric acid
D. A hormone that regulates the secretion of both digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
150. What are the two hormones that makeup CCK-Pz?
A. Secretin and CCK
B. Gastrin and CCK
C. Cholecystokinin and Pancreozymin
D. Gastrin and Pancreozymin
151. What does Pancreozymin (PZ) stimulate the pancreas to release?
A. Enzymes to digest carbohydrates
B. Bicarbonate
C. Enzymes to digest proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
D. None of the above
160. What are the primary bile acids synthesized by the liver from cholesterol?
A. An Exopeptidase
B. A Zymogen
C. A Hydrophobic amino acid
D. A Peptide hormone
101. What is the function of Trypsin in Chymotrypsin?
A. Cleaves peptide bonds
B. Breaks down large polypeptides
C. Converts Chymotrypsinogen to Chymotrypsin
D. Cleaves off specific amino acids from peptide hormone precursors
102. Which amino acids are specifically cleaved by Chymotrypsin?
A. Hydrophilic amino acids
B. Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Tryptophan
C. Small peptides
D. Undigested Polar Amino acids
103. What is the role of Carboxypeptidase in protein digestion?
A. Cleaves the terminal peptide linkage of protein at the amino end
B. Converts Zymogen to the active form
C. Cleaves off specific amino acids from peptide hormone precursors
D. Cleaves the terminal peptide linkage of protein at the carboxyl end
104. What does Carboxypeptidase help to prevent?
A. The potential development of allergies
B. The absorption of undigested proteins
C. The regulation of insulin and other hormones
D. None
105. What is the role of Carboxypeptidase in the regulation of hormones?
A. Cleaves off specific amino acids from peptide hormone precursors
B. Cleaves the glycosidic linkage
C. Converts Zymogen to the inactive form
D. Both A and B
106. What type of enzyme is Carboxypeptidase?
A. Endopeptidase
B. Hydrophobic amino acid
C. Exopeptidase
D. Zymogen
107. What is Elastase?
A. A protein that gives elasticity to Nervous tissue
B. A proteolytic enzyme that breaks down collagen
C. A proteolytic enzyme that breaks down elastin
D. A protein that is resistant to degradation by most proteases
108. What is the function of Elastase?
A. To maintain lung and skin elasticity
B. To break down collagen fibers
C. To treat conditions such as cystic fibrosis
D. Both A and C
109. What is Collagenase?
A. A proteolytic enzyme that breaks down collagen
B. A protein that gives elasticity to connective tissue
C. A proteolytic enzyme that breaks down elastin
D. A protein that is resistant to degradation by most proteases
110. What is the function of Collagenase?
A. To maintain lung and skin elasticity
B. To break down Mucle fibers
C. To treat conditions such as cystic fibrosis
D. None
111. What is the role of Collagenase in tissue remodeling and repair?
A. It helps break down damaged collagen fibers
B. It prevents the destruction of healthy tissue
C. It helps maintain lung and skin elasticity
D. It treats conditions such as cystic fibrosis
112. What type of protein is collagen?
A. A protein that is resistant to degradation by most proteases
B. A protein that gives elasticity to connective tissue
C. A tough and fibrous protein
D. Both A and C
113. What conditions can be seen due to an overproduction or abnormal activation of collagenase?
A. Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontal disease
B. Lung and skin elasticity
C. Tissue remodeling and repair
D. Conditions such as cystic fibrosis
114. What is the main function (s) of Pancreatic Lipase?
A. Breaking down carbohydrates
B. Breaking down triglycerides
C. Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
D. Both B and C
115. In which part of the body does Pancreatic Lipase interact with dietary fats?
A. Stomach
B. Large intestine
C. Small intestine
D. Liver
116. DWhat is the main function of Pancreatic Amylase?
A. Breaking down carbohydrates
B. Breaking down proteins
C. Absorption of water-soluble vitamins
D. Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
117. What are DNases?
A. Enzymes that cleave DNA
B. Building blocks of DNA
C. Hormones produced by the pancreas
D. Proteins involved in metabolic
118. Where are DNases produced in the human body?
A. Small intestine
B. Liver
C. Pancreas
D. Stomach
119. What is the function of DNases in the human digestive system?
A. Absorption of proteins
B. Absorption of fats
C. Absorption of nucleotides
D. Absorption of carbohydrates
120. How do DNases break down DNA in the small intestine?
A. By cleaving the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides
B. By cleaving the peptide bonds between the nucleotides
C. By cleaving the glycosidic bonds between the nucleotides
D. By cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides
121. What happens to the individual nucleotides after DNases cleave the phosphodiester bonds in the small intestine?
A. They are secreted by the pancreas
B. They are excreted by the kidneys
C. They are absorbed by the small intestine
D. They are used for cell division
122. Where are RNases produced in the human body?
A. Small intestine
B. Liver
C. Pancreas
D. Stomach
123. How do RNases play a role in RNA metabolism and protein synthesis?
A. By promoting the formation of RNA molecules
B. By promoting the formation of protein molecules
C. By cleaving RNA molecules to regulate their function
D. By cleaving protein molecules to regulate their function
124. What is the function of RNases in defense against viral and bacterial invasion?
A. By promoting the growth of viruses and bacteria
B. By inhibiting the growth of viruses and bacteria
C. By neutralizing the toxins produced by viruses and bacteria
D. By cleaving RNA molecules in viruses and bacteria to neutralize their function
125. What is Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)?
A. An enzyme that cleaves phospholipids
B. A hormone produced by the pancreas
C. A type of nucleophile
D. A type of reaction inhibitor
126. What does PLA2 catalyze in the human digestive system?
A. The hydrolysis of the sn-1 ester bond in phospholipids
B. The hydrolysis of the sn-2 ester bond in phospholipids
C. The formation of the sn-2 ester bond in phospholipids
D. The formation of the sn-1 ester bond in phospholipids
127. What is the sn-2 ester bond in phospholipids?
A. A bond between two fatty acids
B. A bond between a fatty acid and a lysophosphatidylcholine
C. A bond between a fatty acid and a glycerol molecule
D. A bond between a nucleophile and a carbon atom
128. What are the products of PLA2 cleavage of the sn-2 ester bond in phospholipids in the small intestine?
A. Fatty acids and glycerol
B. Fatty acids and lysophosphatidylcholine
C. Lysophosphatidylcholine and glycerol
D. Nucleotides and lysophosphatidylcholine
129. What happens to the fatty acids and lysophosphatidylcholine released by PLA2 in the small intestine?
A. They are excreted by the kidneys
B. They are secreted by the pancreas
C. They are absorbed by the small intestine
D. They are used for cell division
130. What is Cholesterol Ester Hydrolase (CEH)?
A. An enzyme that breaks down Cholesterol
B. An enzyme that synthesizes Cholesterol
C. An enzyme that breaks down Fatty Acids
D. An enzyme that synthesizes Fatty Acids
131. Where is CEH produced in the human body?
A. Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Enterocytes
D. Immune cells
132. What is the result of CEH hydrolysis of cholesterol esters?
A. Release of free Cholesterol and Fatty Acids
B. Release of free Fatty Acids only
C. Release of free Cholesterol only
D. All of these
133. What can be the result of CEH deficiency in the liver?
A. Increased Cholesterol metabolism
B. Decreased Cholesterol metabolism
C. Dysfunction in the gut
D. Dysfunction in the liver
MCQs on the Mechanism of regulation of the Pancreatic Juice secretion
134. What is the role of the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) in the regulation of pancreatic juice secretion?A. It stimulates the release of enzymes by binding to muscarinic receptors.
B. It inhibits secretion by binding to Neurokinin-1 receptors.
C. It stimulates the release of bicarbonate by binding to Neurokinin-1 receptors.
D. It inhibits secretion through sympathetic stimulation
135. What is the effect of Acetylcholine on the secretion of pancreatic juice?
A. Stimulation of secretion
B. Inhibition of secretion
C. Stimulation of bicarbonate release
D. Inhibition of enzyme release
136. What is the role of Substance P in the secretion of pancreatic juice?
A. Stimulation of secretion
B. Inhibition of secretion
C. Stimulation of bicarbonate release
D. Inhibition of enzyme release
137. What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the secretion of pancreatic juice?
A. Stimulation of secretion
B. Inhibition of secretion
C. Stimulation of bicarbonate release
D. Inhibition of enzyme release
138. How does Vagotomy affect the secretion of pancreatic juice?
A. Stimulation of secretion
B. Inhibition of secretion
C. Stimulation of bicarbonate release
D. Inhibition of enzyme release
139. What happens to the intracellular calcium ions in the Acinar cells of the pancreas upon the release of Acetylcholine?
A. They increase
B. They decrease
C. They remain unchanged
D. They increase and then decrease
140. What happens to the intracellular cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) in the duct cells of the pancreas upon the release of Substance P?
A. They increase
B. They decrease
C. They remain unchanged
D. They increase and then decrease
141. What is Secretin?
A. A gastrointestinal hormone
B. A digestive enzyme
C. A neurotransmitter
D. An immune system hormone
142. Where is Secretin produced?
A. The stomach
B. The small intestine
C. The large intestine
D. The duodenum
143. What is the effect of Secretin on the lower part of the esophageal sphincter?
A. It relaxes the sphincter
B. It contracts the sphincter
C. It has no effect
D. It increases the activity of the sphincter
144. What is the effect of Secretin on the secretion of duodenal glands?
A. It increases secretion
B. It decreases secretion
C. It has no effect
D. It depends
145. Where is Cholecystokinin-Pancreozymin (CCK-Pz) secreted from?
A. The stomach
B. The small intestine and duodenum
C. The large intestine
D. The pancreas
146. What triggers the release of CCK-Pz?
A. Fats and carbohydrates
B. Proteins and fatty acids
C. Sugars
D. None of the above
147. What type of pancreatic juice is secreted in response to CCK-Pz?
A. Alkaline but deficient in enzymes
B. Rich in enzymes
C. Watery but deficient in enzymes
D. None of the above
148. What is the effect of CCK-Pz on the Gall Bladder?
A. Relaxation
B. Contraction
C. No effect
D. Increase in size
149. What is CCK-Pz?
A. A hormone that regulates the secretion of bicarbonate
B. A hormone that regulates the secretion of digestive enzymes
C. A hormone that regulates the release of gastric acid
D. A hormone that regulates the secretion of both digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
150. What are the two hormones that makeup CCK-Pz?
A. Secretin and CCK
B. Gastrin and CCK
C. Cholecystokinin and Pancreozymin
D. Gastrin and Pancreozymin
151. What does Pancreozymin (PZ) stimulate the pancreas to release?
A. Enzymes to digest carbohydrates
B. Bicarbonate
C. Enzymes to digest proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
D. None of the above
MCQs on Bile (Bile acids, Bile salts, Bile pigments, Cholesterol of bile)
152. What is bile?
A. A yellow-green fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
B. A secretion produced by the small intestine
C. A hormone produced by the pancreas
D. An enzyme produced by the stomach
153. What triggers the release of bile into the first part of the duodenum?
A. Ingestion of food
B. Release of insulin
C. Release of glucagon
D. Release of gastrin
154. What are the inorganic constituents of bile?
A. Bile salts, bile pigments, mucin, and lipids
B. Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, and K+
C. Bilirubin, biliverdin, mucin, and lipids
D. Bile pigments, bile acids, mucin, and lipids
155. What are the organic constituents of bile?
A. Bile salts, bile pigments, mucin, and lipids
B. Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, and K+
C. Bilirubin, biliverdin, mucin, and lipids
D. Bile pigments, bile acids, mucin, and lipids
156. What is the main pigment present in bile?
A. Bilirubin
B. Biliverdin
C. Mucin
D. Lipids
157. What is the pH of bile?
A. Acidic
B. Neutral
C. Alkaline
D. Basic
158. What is the main cause of the alkaline pH of bile?
A. The presence of bile salts
B. The presence of bile pigments
C. The presence of HCO3-
D. The presence of lipids
159. What is the role of bile in the digestive process?
A. To neutralize stomach acid
B. To help absorb fat-soluble vitamins
C. To neutralize alkaline chyme from the small intestine
D. To help digest proteins
A. Glycocholic acid and Glyco-cheno-deoxy-cholic acid
B. Taurocholic acid and Tauro-cheno-deoxy-cholic acid
C. Cholic Acid and Chenodeoxycholic Acid
D. Sodium salts
161. What is the Entero-Hepatic Circulation of bile salts?
A. Formation of bile acids from cholesterol
B. Conjugation of bile acids with glycine and taurine
C. Reabsorption of bile salts from the ileum into the bile
D. None of the above
162. What are the functions of bile mainly due to?
A. Bile acids
B. Bile salts
C. Cholesterol
D. Glycine and taurine
163. How are the bile acids conjugated in the liver?
A. With sodium salts
B. With glycine and taurine
C. With cholesterol
D. With bile salts
164. What is the form in which bile acids are present in bile?
A. Glycine and taurine
B. Sodium salts
C. Cholic Acid and Chenodeoxycholic Acid
D. Cholesterol
165. What are the two primary bile acids synthesized by the liver?
A. Glycine and taurine
B. Sodium salts
C. Cholic Acid and Chenodeoxycholic Acid
D. Cholesterol
166. What is the main component of bile salts?
A. Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid
B. Sodium
C. Glycine and taurine
D. Cholesterol
167. What is the percentage of bile salts reabsorbed from the ileum into the bile?
A. 10%
B. 50%
C. 90%
D. 100%
168. What is the role of bile salts in the digestion of fats?
A. Absorption of fatty acids and cholesterol
B. Breaking down fats into smaller droplets
C. Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
D. All of the above
169. What is the process by which bile salts increase the surface area of fats?
A. Absorption
B. Emulsification
C. Metabolism
D. Choleresis
170. How do bile salts aid in the absorption of fatty acids and cholesterol?
A. By forming mixed micelles
B. By breaking down fats into smaller droplets
C. By absorbing fat-soluble vitamins
D. By increasing bile production
171. What type of agents are bile salts?
A. Absorbing agents
B. Emulsifying agents
C. Choleretic agents
D. Metabolic agents
172. What is the effect of bile salts on bile production?
A. Decrease
B. Increase
C. No effect
D. All of the above
173. What are bile pigments?
A. Enzymes involved in the digestion and absorption of food.
B. Substrates that form mixed micelles for the absorption of vitamins.
C. Compounds responsible for the yellow-green color of bile.
D. Hormones that regulate liver function.
174. What is Bilirubin?
A. A conjugated form of Glucuronic acid.
B. An enzyme involved in the metabolism of bile pigments.
C. A breakdown product of hemoglobin.
D. A hormone that regulates liver function.
175. What is the role of Bilirubin Uridine Diphosphate-Glucuronosyltransferase (BUGT) in the metabolism of Bilirubin?
A. It breaks down Bilirubin into smaller molecules.
B. It conjugates Bilirubin with Glucuronic acid.
C. It excretes Bilirubin into the bile and intestine.
D. It serves as an indicator of liver function.
176. What is the function of bile pigments in maintaining liver health?
A. They digest and absorb food.
B. They form mixed micelles with vitamins.
C. They serve as indicators of liver function.
D. They regulate liver hormone secretion.
177. What do elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood indicate?
A. Normal liver function.
B. Blockage of bile ducts.
C. Liver disease or hemolytic anemia.
D. Optimal health of the liver.
178. What do low levels of bilirubin in the blood indicate?
A. Normal liver function.
B. Blockage of bile ducts.
C. Liver disease or hemolytic anemia.
D. Optimal health of the liver.
179. What is the role of bile pigments in excretion?
A. They are directly excreted by the liver into the bile and intestine.
B. They are eliminated from the body in the feces, giving them their characteristic brown color.
C. They regulate the secretion of hormones in the liver.
D. They are involved in the digestion and absorption of food.
180. What is the function of cholesterol in bile?
A. A source of energy
B. An excretory product
C. A component of bile salts
D. A regulator of bile flow
181. How does the amount of cholesterol excreted in bile relate to plasma cholesterol level?
A. The two are proportional
B. The two are inversely proportional
C. The amount of cholesterol excreted in bile has no relation with the plasma cholesterol level
D. The amount of cholesterol excreted in bile is always higher than the plasma cholesterol level
182. What is the normal ratio of cholesterol to bile salts in bile?
A. 1:2
B. 1:5
C. 1:20 to 1:30
D. 1:50
183. What happens when the ratio of cholesterol to bile salts is increased in bile?
A. Bile flow becomes more efficient
B. Bile flow becomes less efficient
C. Gallstones occur
D. Bile becomes less alkaline
184. What is the role of Alkaline Phosphatase in bile?
A. It serves a vital function in the bile
B. It serves no function in the bile
C. It regulates the pH of bile
D. It facilitates the excretion of bile pigments
MCQs on Intestinal Juices
185. What is the main function of Brunner's glands in the duodenum?
A. To produce enzymes
B. To produce HCO3-
C. To protect the duodenal mucosa
D. To produce cellular debris
186. Which type of gland is present throughout the small intestine?
A. Brunner's gland
B. Intestinal gland or Crypts of Liberkuhn
C. Duodenal gland
D. Jejunal gland
187. What is the composition of secretion from Brunner's gland compared to intestinal juice?
A. More enzymes and less HCO3-
B. More mucus and HCO3-
C. More cellular debris and less HCO3-
D. More enzymes and cellular debris
188. What is the content of HCO3- in intestinal juice compared to blood?
A. Lower than blood
B. Higher than blood
C. Same as blood
D. None of the above
189. What are the inorganic constituents of intestinal juice?
A. Different from other body fluids
B. Almost the same as other body fluids
C. More than other body fluids
D. Less than other body fluids
190. What are the organic constituents of intestinal juice?
A. Only enzymes
B. Only mucus
C. Cellular debris, mucus, and enzymes
D. None of the above
191. What is the role of Aminopolypeptidase in the digestion process?
A) Breaks down individual amino acids into peptides
B) Breaks down peptides into individual amino acids
C) Breaks down tripeptides into individual amino acids
D) Breaks down the amino acid proline
192. What is the role of Prolinase in the digestive process?
A) Breaks down peptides into individual amino acids
B) Breaks down individual amino acids into peptides
C) Breaks down tripeptides into individual amino acids
D) Breaks down the amino acid proline
193. Where are the enzymes of intestinal juice located?
A) In the stomach
B) In the large intestine
C) On the brush border of the small intestine
D) In the pancreas
194. What is the role of intestinal juice in the digestion of proteins?
A) Begins the digestion of proteins
B) Completes the digestion of proteins
C) Inhibits the digestion of proteins
D) None of the above
195. How does intestinal juice help in the digestion of proteins?
A) By secreting enzymes that break down proteins into smaller molecules
B) By secreting enzymes that combine with proteins to form larger molecules
C) By secreting enzymes that inhibit the digestion of proteins
D) None of the above
0 Comments:
Post a Comment